Summer Reading free essay sample

The Silver Kiss * Canyons Title: The Bronx Masquerade Author: Nikki Grimes Point of view: First Person Setting-Time and Place: Present Day, in theBronx, NY All Main Characters and Descriptions * Tyrone Bittings: Dad Died, doesn’t like white individuals. * Chankara Troupe: Abused by her sweetheart, composes generally excellent sonnets. * Raul Ramirez: Painter, Writes an elegantly composed Zorro Poem. * Diondra Jordan: Painter, father needs her to play b-ball because of her tallness. * Devon Hope: Plays ball, however his preferred mystery side interest is perusing. Lupe Algarin: Wants to have a child, for somebody to adore her, and she never grins. * Gloria Martinez: Had an infant (B, Angel) father relinquished them, and its difficult work. * Janelle Battle: Smart, wants to peruse, plump, and low confidence. * Leslie Lucas: White, mother kicked the bucket, frightened of individuals of color, just companion is Porscha * Judianne Alexander: Abused by father, low confidence, and she is desirous of Lupe. * Tanisha Scott: Light Skinned, Long Hair, â€Å"caramel cutie†. We will compose a custom article test on Summer Reading or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The vast majority are desirous. * Sterling Hughes: â€Å"Preacher† Believes in God strongly and plays the guitar. Amy Moskowitz: Has no companions, fears being harmed again since her mom kicked the bucket. * Sheila Gamboroni: Italian, Hates her light hair, needs her Africana name Natalia. * Steve Ericson: Wants to configuration sets on Broadway, is moving out of New York. * Raynard Patterson: Dyslexic doesn’t like to peruse, yet verse raised his confidence. * Porscha Jackson: Everyone thinks she is fierce b/c her mother manhandled her. Plot Summary: When a secondary school English instructor utilizes the technique for a verse hammer to carry his understudies to the acknowledgment that they are generally extraordinary and equivalent. That the shade of their skin doesn't make a difference, its their insight, and thriving that will take them puts throughout everyday life. Struggle: Each understudy needs something that an alternate understudy has. At the point when they take a gander at one another, they take a gander at what they have outwardly, however they don’t truly realize what each other has where it counts inside. They don’t think about each other’s characters. They don’t consider how hard it may be to be them. Subject: (if there is one) To be OK with yourself and drive forward until you arrive at your objectives. Title: The Silver Kiss Author: Annette Curtis Klause Perspective: Third Person Setting-Time and Place: 1990’s Chicago, Illinois All Characters and Descriptions * Zoe: (16) Black Hair, Gray Eyes, mother has malignant growth, father remains with mother, BFF is Lorraine. * Lorraine: Zoe’s Best Friend. Moving to Oregon Soon. * Zoe’s Mom: Always in the emergency clinic. Has bone disease. * Zoe’s Dad: Is consistently occupied with her mother, contends with Zoe a great deal. * Simon: (300) Zoe’s â€Å"crush† who is additionally a vampire. * Christopher: Simon’s more youthful sibling. Doesn’t like Zoe with Simon. Plot Summary: Zoe feels alone on the grounds that her whole life is self-destructing. Her mom is biting the dust of malignancy, her closest companion is moving out of state and she scarcely ever converses with her father any longer. In any case, at that point one night she meets Simon, a vampire. She in a split second becomes hopelessly enamored with him. At that point he uncovers to her that he was changed to a vampire over 300 years back when he was sixteen when he was seized by a linkboy that he followed home one night. Struggle: Simon needs to retaliate for his mother’s passing by murdering his younger sibling Christopher, who is additionally a vampire yet is within a young men body. Simon is too hesitant to even consider fighting Christopher without anyone else on the grounds that he is powerless. Be that as it may, he believes that Zoe can assist him with beating his sibling. Subject: (if there is one) No issue what you are experiencing, another person is experiencing something more terrible. Title: Canyons Author: Gary Paulson Point of View: First Person, Flashback Setting-Time and Place: 1860s and present day El Paso, Texas All Characters and Descriptions * Brennan Cole: Lives in El Paso, Texas with his mom. * Coyote Runs: An Apache kid who anticipates masculinity. He should endure a strike so as to be viewed as a man by his clan and family. * Magpie: An Apache man that loaned his horse to Coyote Runs to use during the assault. Sancta: The pioneer of the assault. * Bill: The minister that Brennan’s Mother is dating. Plot Summary: Canyons is a tale around two teenaged young men on an excursion. One day when Brennan goes outdoors, he feels something jabbing him from underneath his hiking bed. He uncovers the vermin to find that it is a human skull. Well piece of it. He cautiously looks at it finding that the back is missing and there is a slug opening in the focal point of the temple. He takes the skull to his previous science instructor Mr. Homesly. Mr. Homesly then uses his numerous associations with an end goal to extricate data relating to this find. At the point when Mr. Holmesly got the data from his companion he brought Brennan directly finished. Brennan remained up the whole evening perusing the cases for data. After much exploration he found that the skull was right around 250 years of age, and had a place with an apache kid, his age named Coyote Runs who went on an assault and didn’t endure. The police or the â€Å"bluebellies† shot him point clear in the temple. His masculinity was brief. Struggle: Brennan finds a human skull on an outdoors excursion and activities the entirety of the assist he with canning get the opportunity to discover who it has a place as well and why it was there in any case.

Analysis and Interpretation of the Research Data Dissertation

Investigation and Interpretation of the Research Data - Dissertation Example 4.2 Respondent’s Profiles Following is the point by point conversation on the profiles of the respondents that partook in the exploration and upheld to gather information through various methods i.e., poll, meetings and center gatherings. 4.2.1 Profile of Teachers Surveyed The viewpoint perspective on the school personnel at Willowbrook Primary School with respect to the issue of student’s conduct and control is of prime significance for this examination as the educators directly affect conduct and its administration. Along these lines these perspectives should be broke down. In a joint effort with the school the executives, so as to increase significant educator and carer information, assumption and experience related with conduct issues, a poll was created and conveyed to 20 in-teachers answerable for youngsters running from five years old to 11 years. The surveys were finished in the spare time of the instructors without bargaining their essential educating and study hall the board obligations. The destinations of the examination were disclosed before giving over the poll. Be that as it may, of the 20 polls appropriated, 17 were returned as well as esteemed substantial dependent on required fulfillment. Another endeavor was made to gathered the information from the rest of the staff; nonetheless, these were not returned. The motivation behind the survey was gain data on assessment of the school personnel on parts of student’s conduct and methodologies for the conduct the executives at essential level. The profile of the respondents is appeared underneath in table 4.1. All out Number of Staff Number of Teachers Surveyed Males Females Percentage of Teaching Staff Surveyed 20 17 7 10 85 Table 1 : Profile of Teaching Staff Surveyed Figure 1 : Percentage of Teaching Staff Surveyed Figure 2 : Gender Distribution of Teaching Staff Surveyed Besides the poll, an aggregate of six instructors were likewise talked with, which included three educator s having experience of 10 years or progressively, one over 5 years while two having experience under 1 year. Figure 3 : Experience of Teachers Interviewed 4.2.2 Profile of Students Surveyed Six understudies old enough running between six to eleven years, speaking to rise to extent of the two guys and females, were met as a major aspect of the review. The understudies were chosen since it was esteemed critical to get their perspectives on the order in schools and its administration. The understudies were chosen dependent on their age and formative stage empowering them to give sensible and clear reactions to the inquiries questions. The understudies were chosen dependent on the exhortation of school the executives. The parental substance was looked for preceding directing the meeting. The reactions of understudies during the meeting have been made piece of this examination and were given over to class the board to proceed with the investigation. The meeting for the most part engaged in deciding the student’s point of view on adequacy of remuneration and discipline framework and the job of instructors in dealing with the study hall conduct. Period of Students Surveyed Number of Students Surveyed Males Females 6 to 11 6 3 Table 2 : Profile of Students Surveyed Figure 4 : Gender Distribution of Students Surveyed 4.2.3 Profile of Parents Surveyed Although guardians have no immediate job in the executives of study hall and student’s conduct at school, they do play a significant contributory and steady job. They are associated with

How Do You Mic A Stripper

How Do You Mic A Stripper [by Harrison Bralower 11] I distinctly remember that question when I interviewed to be the Sound Designer for the Musical Theater Guilds (MTG) spring production of The Full Monty. Its a great question when you really think about it-how does one attach a microphone to a stripper without it looking too conspicuous? When youre not wearing anything in front of an audience of 200 they shouldnt be looking at a black box on the small of your back, if you know what I mean. MTG (and MITs other student theater groups) makes questions like these (and the mental images that inevitably follow) possible. Its only one of the many memories I took away from the show, memories that include chatting with the awesome new people I met and overcoming the frustration that comes with learning something new (I had never sound designed on my own before). But the production process isnt as easy as answering a few disarming questions and joking around with the case. It takes more than two months to put a show together around here and the payoff is six days of raw, naked glory (let me assure you that carefully lighted full-frontal nudity is neither commonplace nor a prominent feature of most of the shows done at MIT). Its a long, difficult road-from the first production meeting to the first rehearsal to load-in to the first tech to the last night. Just ask anyone associated with a show here or anywhere-theres always the worry that all the components wont come together (and they usually dont until the night the show opens). But its truly rewarding to start with 120 pieces of paper and infuse them with the unique visions of many individuals-to give life to words on a page. This is my experience from only one show but Ive got countless more that date back to my freshman year of high school. Theater is a wonderful experience in which you meet all kinds of people and experience all kinds of crazy stuff. And by working with the immensely talented and diverse people here at MIT I guarantee a wealth of memorable quotes and events from your days doing theater or any other artistic endeavor here. Have any questions about MIT (artistic or otherwise)? Or do you have an artistic experience youd like to share? Post it in the comments and strike up a discussion! Who knows-maybe youll remember it years from now.

SAFER Makes Safe to Walk in Space

Its like a scene from a science fiction movie nightmare: an astronaut is working outside a spacecraft in the vacuum of space when something happens. A tether breaks or maybe a computer glitch strands the astronaut too far from the ship. However it happens, the end result is the same. The astronaut ends up floating away from the spacecraft into the endless void of space, with no hope of rescue. Thankfully, NASA developed a device for space walking that keeps an astronaut safe while working outdoors to prevent such a scenario from happening in real life.   Safety for EVAs Space walks, or extravehicular activities (EVAs), are an important part of living and working in space. Dozens were needed just for the the assembly of the International Space Station (ISS).   Early missions by both the U.S. and Soviet Union also relied on space walks, with astronauts tethered to their spacecraft by lifelines. The space station cannot maneuver to rescue a free-floating EVA crew member, so NASA got to work to design a safety harness for astronauts who would be working around it without direct connections. Its called Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER): a life jacket for space walks. SAFER is a self-contained maneuvering unit worn by astronauts like a backpack. The system relies on small nitrogen-jet thrusters to let an astronaut move around in space. Its relatively small size and weight allow for convenient storage on the station, and let EVA crew members put it on in the station’s airlock. However, the small size was achieved by limiting the amount of propellant it carries, meaning that it can only be used for a limited time. Its intended primarily for emergency rescue, and not as an alternative to tethers, and safety grips. Astronauts control the unit with a hand controller attached to the front of their space suits, and computers assist in its operation. The system has an automatic attitude hold function, in which the onboard computer helps the wearer maintain course. SAFERs propulsion is provided by 24 fixed-position thrusters that expel nitrogen gas and have a thrust of 3.56 Newtons (0.8 pounds) each. SAFER was first tested in 1994 aboard the space shuttle Discovery, when astronaut Mark Lee became the first person in 10 years to float freely in space. EVAs and Safety Space walking has come a long way since the early days. In June 1965, astronaut Ed White became the first American to conduct a space walk. His space suit was smaller than later EVA suits, since it did not carry its own oxygen supply. Instead, a hose to an oxygen supply on the Gemini capsule connected White. Bundled with the oxygen hose were electrical and communication wires and a safety tether. However, it quickly expended its supply of gas. On Gemini 10 and 11, a hose to a nitrogen tank aboard the spacecraft connected a modified version of the handheld device. This allowed the astronauts to use it for a longer period of time. The Moon missions had EVAs starting with Apollo 11, but these were on the surface, and required the astronauts wear full space suits. Skylab astronauts made repairs to their systems, but were tethered to the station. In later years, especially during the shuttle era, the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) was used as a way for an astronaut to jet around the shuttle. Bruce McCandless was the first to try one out, and the image of him floating free in space was an instant hit.   SAFER, which has been described as a simplified version of the MMU, has two advantages over the earlier system. It is a more convenient size and weight and ideal for an astronaut rescue device outside the Space Station. SAFER is a rare type of technology—the kind NASA built hoping that it wont be necessary to use it. So far, tethers, safety grips, and the robot arm have proved adequate to safely keep astronauts where they are supposed to be during space walks. But if they ever fail, SAFER will be ready.

Aid for Donor Interests Essay - 2684 Words

Lack of development in countries in the so-called `Third World has many political and economical reasons. Historians explain the inadequacy of developing countries with the early imperialism and the resulting colonization of the South. Exploitation of mineral resources, deforestation, slavery, and the adaptation of foreign policies shaped the picture of todays suffering and struggling civilizations and natural rich continents. The omission of concessions and equal negotiations between dependency and supremacy give rise to the contrast of enormous resources and immense poverty in developing countries is. In the last years the outcry of justice and the emancipation of the Third World became louder throughout developing and industrialized†¦show more content†¦Here the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, later divided into the World Bank and Bank for International Settlement, were established. To regulate the international p olicy economy these institutions become known as the Bretton Woods institutions and became operational in 1946. The IMF, founded to stabilize countries currencies in relation to each other, holds money in trust, which member countries can borrow according to terms set by the institution. The World Bank instead gives more long-term loans and sells bonds to corporations and governments, which bind the issuer to pay the bondholder the amount of the loan plus interest. However, the countries taking advantage of the opportunity to borrow money to improve their affected economy are obliged to launch a set of policies, known as the Washington Consensus, which was first presented in 1989. The reforms introduced by the Institute for International Economics include deregulation, privatization, currency devaluation, social spending cuts, lower corporate taxes, export driven strategies, and removal of foreign investment restrictions . More, these loans are only granted when the countries agree to the adoption to a comprehensive programme of macro-economic stabilization and structural economic reform. The reason for keeping aid alive by the United States during and after the early history of todays debt problem,Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Foreign Aid And Migration1414 Words   |  6 Pagesand Lebland discuss two hypotheses explaining the relation between immigration and foreign aid. They hypothesis that (1) donor countries use this foreign aid to ‘aid’ or to further their own individual immigration policy goals, and (2) migrants, who have already moved, lobby their new countries for an increase in aid to their home countries. Anti-immigration parties and policies have come out of developed donor nations including Austria, Denmark, and the Netherlands. This social unrest stems from immigrationRead MoreThe Disasters That Prove That Foreign Aid Has Done More Damage Than Good Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pages11 Disasters That Prove That Foreign Aid has done More Damage than Good in Africa From food aid to humanitarian aid and military assistance, foreign aid continues to flood Africa with the aim to enhance economic development and improve people s lives. But one of the questions that tangle curious economists like Cornell Ngare is that aren t there poor people in the west? And the obvious answer is yes there is. There are beggars on the streets of London, several homeless families living under theRead MoreThe Good Project Humanitarian Relief Ngos And The Fragmentation Of Reason1700 Words   |  7 Pagesmainly focuses on how organizations make decisions about how to allocate resources and the way to translate values and interests into practice. Relief is a form of production which is so-called a project, the project and the beneficiaries who helped by humanitarian relief agencies become a commodity. The exchange market exists since humanitarian relief agencies sell projects to donors in a quasi-market that givers and products in the business are symbolically differentiated to match receiver preferencesRead MoreInternational Aid Allocation : The Path For Global Success1151 Words   |  5 PagesInternational Aid Allocation: The Path to Global Success From the origins of large-scale international humanitarian projects in the post-World War I period to current global aid allocation programs, scholars in the field of international aid have focused on the motives behind countries’ generous donations to their underdeveloped counterparts. Myriad studies, regardless of the time frame they encompass, make reference to the moral obligation rich nations have to help the poorest countries. In thisRead MoreThe Beginning Of Foreign Aid Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: 1.The beginning of Foreign Aid All human beings regardless of their background require a set of resources to survive. These are food, water, shelter and clothing in addition to this, healthcare, education and sanitation are also essential for a person’s wellbeing. In 1949 Truman’s Inaugural Address â€Å"we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas† raisedRead MoreEthical Considerations Behind New Alternatives to Abortion.1566 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of AID or Artificial Insemination Donor. Many questions arise due to this artificial donor, such as who is legally the father of the child? Should the father be allowed visitation rights to child? The questions all arise in different cases which shall be discussed. Another issue in regarding the AID is whether the donor is anonymous or through a chosen donor. In the case of RE Adoption of Anonymous in 1973, the ethical consideration of who is the legal father in a consensual AID case. TheRead MoreExplanation For Third Wave African Democracy After The Cold War1736 Words   |  7 Pages(depending on which definition of democracy one accepts) in only a span of six years (Diamond 1997, 2). This seemed unusual because, prior to this period, it seemed as though authoritarian regimes were a permanent fixture in African states, and Western donor states were perfectly happy to support those regimes (2005, 179). This period of rapid transition to democracy has been termed the ‘third wave’ of democracy (ibid). The mystery that has plagued many scholars through this time has been: why did thisRead MoreGlobal Institutions are the Solution to Global Poverty Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesultimately provide for the greater good in aid to prevent world poverty. The argument put forward by both philosophers against non-governmental orga nizations is challenging as they â€Å"can never be the primary agents of justice and aid in the long run for several reasons† (Brooks 435) because they are not accountable for their actions and aims, they are dependent on donor countries, and the aid they give is subject to what the ruler of the country receiving aid wants. Most rulers in developing countriesRead MoreForeign Assistance For Foreign Aid1523 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough foreign aid has been going on for hundreds of years, it still remains a controversial topic. Many people have debated whether or not it actually either helps or harms nations. Foreign aid can help undeveloped states by providing education and health care. However, a drawback to foreign aid is that it can cause countries to become dependent and lead to corruption. Foreign aid is effective when countries don t try to use foreign aid for their own benefit and when coordination and accountabilityRead MoreHumanitarianism Is A Complex Task958 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizations â€Å"must be in certain areas that the donors are paying attention to.† These organizations are essentially controlled by financial interests. MSF, a pure humanitarian organization, can operate in volatile regions. Certain donors might not see real value in placing their money in uncertainty that an unstable region presents. NGOs dependent on donor financing will not be able to adequately support the people of these regions who are in dire need of aid. In continuing to define pure humanitarianism

Origin of the Flute Free Essays

Origins of the flute date back to the stone age. Known as the first ever wind instrument, most of the flutes were end blown flutes and looked like our modern day recorder. What could be considered the first flute was found in China and was called the â€Å"ch-ie†. We will write a custom essay sample on Origin of the Flute or any similar topic only for you Order Now The egyptians and Sumerians were the first to add finger holes so that we were able to produce different notes. Before then, it was made of animal bones with a carved out embouchure. Ancient greeks also played the flute (an end blown flute) however it was known as the instrument of the common man and was often looked down upon. During the fall of the roman empire, the flute seemingly disappeared from the west (Europe). It is likely that the flute was brought back to Europe during the Byzantine Empire from Asia where it’s traditions are longstanding. It was only during the 16th century (renaissance era) where the prototype or ancestor of the flute that we know of today was widely used. Until the 18th century, flutes were referred to pipe instruments that were both horizontal and vertical. A German court orchestra flutist by the name of Theobald Boehm presented what would be the modern day flute in 1847 at the Paris exhibition. He incorporated ideas from his colleagues and most notably, from Frederick Nolan who made use of the ring keys in 1808. In 1832, he (Theobald Boehm) built a flute based on logical acoustic placement instead of the easiest fingering. He also linked certain keys to each other. This lead to a new fingering that ended up being easier than its last. In 1847, felt pads were added to prevent leaking air, pin springs were added, the shape of the embouchure was changed and the flute was made of silver. This new flute was well received in the USA, France and England. However, in Germany, Russia and Italy, flutists were close-minded and didn’t want to accept the change of fingering despite the fact that the new design won many awards. Eventually, Boehm’s flute came into common use and has undergone minimal changes from then on. The flute, or what was called the flute back then, has been used since the middle ages. Used for the court and sometimes the military, it was often paired with the drum. During the renaissance era different ensembles were commonly heard together. The â€Å"flute consort† which consists of three different sized transverse flutes (horizontal flutes, like the ones today) and the â€Å"broken consort† which was made of the viola, lute and flute. During the end of the 17th century, solo flute works began to rise in popularity along with the excessive ornamentation of the baroque style. How to cite Origin of the Flute, Papers

The Telecommunication Sector in Bangladesh Essay Example

The Telecommunication Sector in Bangladesh Essay Asian Development Bank IDCOL Analogue Mobile Phone Systems Bangladesh Broadcasting Telephone Technology Bangladesh Association of Software Information Services IPRs BCC BCS BOO BOT BRTA Bangladesh Computer Council ISPs Bangladesh Computer Samity IT Build, Own and Operate ITU Build, Operate and Transfer ITX Bangladesh Rural Telecommunication Authority Bangladesh Telegraph Telephone Board Commonwealth Development Corporation Code Division Multiplex Access OECF CeBIT An Information Technology and Telecommunication Fair (Held annually in Hanover) Canadian International Development Agency China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation UK Department for International Development Executive Committee of the National Economic Council Export Promotion Bureau TRIPS FBC GDP GIS GOB GP GSM IDA First Bangladesh Consulting Ltd. Gross Domestic Product Geographical Information Systems Government of Bangladesh GrameenPhone Ltd. Global Systems for Mobile International Development Agency VAT VOIP VSAT WIPO Trade Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights Value Added Tax Voice Over Internet Protocol Very Small Aperture Terminal World Intellectual Property Organisation World Trade Organisation Overseas Economic Co-operation Fund of Japan Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited Private Sector Participation Public Switched Telephone Networks Personal Hand-phone System Paging Radio Trunk Subscribers TM International (Bangladesh) Technology Resources Industries Bhd. MHz MOPT International Telecommunications Union International Trunk Exchange MegaHertz Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications Memorandum of Understanding Nation-wide Dialing Information Technology Internet Service Providers IFC IIFC BASIS Infrastructure Development Company Limited International Finance Corporation Infrastructure Investment Facilitation Center Intellectual Property Rights BTTB CDC MOU NWD CDMA PBTL PSP PSTN CIDA CMEC PHS PRTS TMIB DFID ECNEC TRI EPB WTO Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 5 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1. 1 Figure 2. 1 Figure 6. 1 We will write a custom essay sample on The Telecommunication Sector in Bangladesh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Telecommunication Sector in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Telecommunication Sector in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Telecommunication Status in Bangladesh as of December 2000 Organizational Structure of the Telecom Sector Profile of Private Capital Inflows and outflows in the Telecommunications Sector 5 6 14 Table 2. 1: Table 3. 1: Table 5. 1: A Quick Look at the Telecom Scene in Bangladesh and its Asian Neighbours BTTB Expansion Programme Telecommunication Operators in Bangladesh 8 10 13 Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 6 1. THE SIZE AND NATURE OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECTORS An Overview The current state of the telecommunications and information technology infrastructure in Bangladesh is extremely poor, with only 0. 6 telephones per 100 people. Not even 10% of the population has access to a telephone, not to speak of their owning one. Ironically, the country was the first among its Asian neighbours to open up the sector to private sector investments about a decade ago, but it has now fallen far behind some of its neighbours in reforming the telecom sector. Since telecommunications provide the backbone for information technology, the growth of the IT sector is naturally constrained. The country has made significant progress in some major areas such as food supply, and has become almost self-sufficient in food. With an increase in general economic growth over the recent years, the acute shortages of basic infrastructure facilities like telecom and IT are increasingly felt by a larger percentage of the electorate. So, it is expected that soon after the impending general election is over, the new Government will get on with longawaited reforms of the sector, and gradually open up the sector fully to the private sector. Consequently, significant investment opportunities may open up for European SME investors. The Government’s declared intention is to increase the number of telephones by one million within next 2-3 years, and significantly improve the quality of the telecom network to give needed support to the IT sector which has been declared as a â€Å"thrust sector† that accords many fiscal incentives to the sector. Potential investors, however, must be aware things often do not happen very quickly in Bangladesh and other developing countries. So, they have to be patient and persistent in reaching success. Opportunities are likely to emerge in almost all facets of telecom and IT, including network equipment, terminal equipment, design and delivery of the whole gamut of telecom and IT services, consulting, training, and management services, and the European SME investors will be welladvised to develop appropriate strategy for targeting this market. With a population of 130 million, Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world but its telecommunications and information infrastructure is among the weakest in Asia. At the end of 2000, only about 837,000 telephones were in service implying a teledensity of about 0. 6 telephones per 100 people. Almost 200,000 potential customers are currently on the waiting list for telephone service. The status of telecommunications in Bangladesh at a glance is provided in Table 1. 1. Table 1. 1 Telecommunication Status in Bangladesh as of December 2000 Number of Telephones BTTB (Govt. Telephone Board) Private Operators (including cellular phones) Density of Telephone Registered Pending Demand International Voice Circuits International Trunk Exchanges (ITX) Total International Circuits Nation Wide Dialling Circuits (NWD) Network Digitalisation VSAT Service Providers Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Source: BTTB and private telecom operators 837,000 527,000 310,000 0. 6% 192,100 2,107 3 4,000 23,000 80% gt; 50 gt; 100 The share of post and telecommunication sector in the country’s GDP, however, increased from 0. 62% in 1994-95 to 0. 84% in 1998-99. Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 7 2. REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBSECTORS Figure 2. 1 below broadly portrays the rather complicated organizational structure of the telecom sector. MOPT is the policy making body of the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) for telecommunications. In the absence of a formal regulator, MOPT is also responsible for 2. 1 Telecommunications Sub-Sector Currently, the telecom sector in Bangladesh is dominated company, by a state-owned telephone and Bangladesh Telegraph pectrum management, and regulation of BTTB and private sector rural and cellular operators. The value-added service providers such as VSAT and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are also supposed to be regulated by MOPT. Besides a government-owned a cable is telephone handset manufacturing and PBXs assemb ly company (TSS), and manufacturing virtually no company other (CSS), telecom there Telephone Board (BTTB), which has a virtual monopoly in fixed line telephone service, and which enjoys monopoly rights in domestic long distance and international (terrestrial) services. Gradual privatisation of the sector started in 1992 when Bangladesh Rural equipment manufacturing activity in Bangladesh. Although MOPT is the formal regulator of BTTB, it apparently does not have any power to regulate BTTB tariffs, which are supposed to be approved by the Ministry of Finance. Moreover, major spending decisions of BTTB, for expansion or maintenance of the network, have to be approved by the Planning Telecommunications Authority (BRTA) was licensed to provide telecommunications to 200 rural districts, followed by a second operator sometime later. But these two companies had only limited success and poor levels of interconnection with the BTTB network. Figure 2. 1 ECNEC Planning Commission Private Sector Value-Added and Internet Service Providers Ministry of Finance MOPT Private Sector Cellular and Rural Telephone Operators Policy Regulation Spectrum Management (FWB) MOPT Legend BTTB Ministry of Post and Telecommunications Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board Telephone Shilpa Sangstha Executive Committee of the National Economic Council Cable Shilpa Sangstha Frequency Wireless Board CSS BTTB TSS TSS ECNEC Voice Data CSS FWB Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 8 Commission, and ECNEC, operating under the Prime Minister’s Office. BTTB is mostly concerned with voice over 300,000 telephone lines in rural and urban Bangladesh, 90% of which are cellular mobile and radio operator trunking phones, with GrameenPhone, the most successful private sector (www. grameenphone. com) claiming to now have some over 200,000 customers. Since there is still a large unmet demand for telephone lines, this sector has very large potential for expansion and is expected to attract considerably more investment from both large and small investors, once some telephony. It has a small data services group with useful capacity, but BTTB does not actively market its services. It also offers Internet access to about 3,500 users, many internal. The proposed National Telecommunication Policy of 1998, which is yet to be fully adopted by the Government through a new Telecommunications Act, called for mobilisation of both public and private sector resources to develop the telecommunications sector, and increasing private sector participation (PSP). In addition to BTTB, there are at present seven private sector operators licensed to provide basic telecom services and value added services including paging and cellular services. They include, as stated earlier, two rural operators; Systems one Analogue based Mobile cellular Phone service (AMPS) However, expansion in the sector is still highly constrained by the constant difficulties experienced by the Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (BTTB) to provide the necessary inter-connectivity, with one complete collapse of the network having been experienced in 2000, which resulted in all of the subscribers being cut off. fundamental policy decisions such setting up a telecom regulatory body, and allowing private sector to set up an alternate long-distance network within the country, etc. are taken and implemented. BTTB has unsuccessfully proposed several transmission link upgrade projects valued at US$152 million, including fibre optics, digital spur links and digital microwave links, all of which have failed due to funding constraints. However, BTTB has also requested the Government to arrange funds from selected donors, including the World Bank, who would prefer to see the projects offered to the private sector. The absence of an independent regulatory body is seen as an impediment to greater private sector investment in the telecom sector. The Government of Bangladesh has realised that the country is lagging significantly behind some of its Asian neighbours (as portrayed in company that is providing cellular mobile Opening up of the telecommunications sector has already created considerable interest from overseas firms who would like to run mobile cellular networks, operate rural telephone exchanges, provide paging and trunking facilities and become internet service providers. service to subscribers in Dhaka and Chittagong, and also providing Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) service to both Dhaka and Chittagong. There are also three GSM cellular companies that operate in Dhaka, Chittagong, and Khulna, while paging and radio trunking telephone services are provided by a single operator in Dhaka, Chittagong, and Khulna. Till December, 2000, these private operators appear to have installed Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 9 Table 2. A Quick Look at the Telecom Scene in Bangladesh and its Asian Neighbours Competition in Country Independent Regulat or No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Fix ed Cellul ar NL D1 Internation al No Yes No 7 IS P Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Do minant Operator VOIP Lega l? Separatio n of Policy and Regulatio n No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Teledensit 2 y Privatisation in 3 Progress Banglade sh India Pakistan Sri Lanka Nepal Thailand Malaysia China No Ye s No Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s 7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Ye s No 7 Govt. Govt. Corp. Govt. Corp. Govt. Corp. Privatised4 Govt. Corp. 5 Privatised 4 6 No No No ? ? Yes ? 6 0. 6 3+ 4+ 4+ 1+ 4+ 22+ 20+ No Yes Yes Yes Yea Yes Yes Not fully 6 Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 6 Govt. Corp. Yes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Nationwide long distance service on fixed line phones. The world average is 11 +, and the developed country average is about 55. Privatisation of current/former government monopolies in telecom services. Privatised former govt. monopoly. Privatisation in progress. Autonomous corporation. Monopoly expires in 2002. Sources: ITU website, and websites of regulators or dominant operators of the relevant countries. Note: The table is quoted from a market study commissioned through IIFC by MOPT and conducted by CanadaBangladesh Infrastructure Consultants of Ottawa, Canada. in April 2001 Table 2. ) in building a telecom infrastructure suitable for giving thrust to the IT sector. So, recent Government telecommunications policy includes long-term plans to privatise BTTB and to install fibre optic and microwave links. The Bangladesh Government recently announced plans to increase the number of telephone lines to 1. 3 million by the year 2002, and to 1. 6 million by 2005. 2. 2 Information Technology (IT) Sub-Sector The IT sector in Bangladesh is relatively small compared to other South Asian and South East Asian countries, such as India, Pakistan, Philippines and Sri Lanka. However, it is believed that this sector could have considerable growth potential, if it were to receive better support from the Government. Consequently, it may offer increasing opportunities to small and medium sized investors from Europe. Up to now, IT investment in Bangladesh has mostly been confined to information processing by Bangladeshi firms who developed business alliances with international firms, mostly from America, for data entry, medical forms processing etc. However, growth has proven to be very slow, on account of the poor infrastructure in Bangladesh for information technology, which includes poor connectivity, high costs of data transmission, poor productivity, lack of trained programmers and Following intense lobbying from the Bangladesh business community, the Government of Bangladesh has now declared information technology to be a Thrust Sector. This in practice means that IT should be given the highest level of support from the government, in the form of zero customs duty on import of IT equipment, and other fiscal incentives. Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 10 managers, and poor market promotion by Bangladeshi firms. Several European companies, over the last five years or so are known to have considered investment in this sector in Bangladesh, as they sought to source reliable and cheaper information processing services. One result of declaring IT as a Thrust Sector, is that duties on both computers and components imports have been eliminated, which has already led to reductions in retail prices of up to 40% on assembled computers. The weak telecommunications infrastructure is also starting to be strengthened as the government has opened up installation of very small aperture terminals (VSATs) to the private sector, in order to make the use of the Internet cheaper and to lower the cost of data transmission to allow Bangladeshi information processing services to compete with other Asian countries. Since March 2000, there are no longer any restrictions on getting licenses from BTTB for the installation of VSATs and the annual license fee has been reduced from US$8,000 to US$3,500. The Government is also investing in a digital data network, which will enable Internet service providers to increase transmission speeds from 128 kilobits per second to two megabits per second. The annual domestic technology, market which size for information includes omputer hardware, peripherals and software was estimated by the US Embassy in Dhaka to be worth about US$20 million a year, which is rapidly increasing at a rate of about 25% per year. There are approximately 200,000 desktop PCs in Bangladesh with sales dominated by locally assembled clones, with many local computer assemblers importing mother boards, with most components from either Taiwan or South Korea. Vendors are now targeting small offices and home users. The growing number of computer training schools that are now operating in One particular area of interest for Europeans is geographical information systems (GIS), which are key components in various environmental impact assessment studies needed for project development as well as for project planning. Since high levels of data entry and data management are key components of GIS, European firms wishing to offer these services in Bangladesh, try to develop business collaboration with local partners. In many cases, the European partner may supply key specialised equipment for digitising plus training to use it. Bangladesh is expected to rapidly increase the number of computer personnel available. Since the introduction of Internet services in Poor data communications infrastructure has been responsible for very little European investment in Bangladesh, in either software development or in computing services. Moreover, software piracy has also been a major deterrent to investment in this area. Strong pressure is now being put by foreign governments for the final implementation of the strong intellectual property rights (IPR) laws. These laws, which have been needed for some time, are endlessly debated by the Government of Bangladesh, but have not been implemented to date. 1996, a growing number of businesses and individuals have been buying computers for their communication needs. Management is also being strengthened in a number of IT firms as many young Bangladeshis, who have studied and worked in both North America and Europe, have returned home and set up companies in Bangladesh. To date no software or computing services firm has received ISO 9000 certification, or Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 11 even attempted to obtain it. This puts Bangladesh at a competitive disadvantage against neighbouring countries such as India, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, where an increasing number of firms are obtaining certification. 3. LIST OF MAJOR LOCAL COMPANIES AND REVIEW OF THEIR EXISTING COLLABORATIONS WITH FOREIGN FIRMS 3. 1 Telecommunications 3. 1. 1 Public sector telecommunications The Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB) is the main operator of telephone services in Bangladesh and has until recently maintained a monopoly position on domestic wire services, international (terrestrial) and satellites, with all international dialing being retained as a Government monopoly. In 1983, BTTB started to install a national automatic long distance telephone dialing system to link all major cities of the country and by June 1997, some 100 stations including all 64-district headquarters and 10 Thana headquarters and 36 Thanas were brought under this system. In order to meet the broad objective of the National Telecommunication Policy of 1998, which sets a target to substantially increase the number of telephone lines in service by 2010, BTTB has tried to plan a number of programmes to increase its telephone capacity, replace and modernise existing exchanges. However, BTTBs development plans have been considerably constrained by lack of financial resources. The ongoing BTTB expansion programme to allow Bangladesh to raise its telephone Table 3. 1 BTTB Expansion Programme Name of Programme and Major Equipment Vendor 00,000 lines digital telephone project with Bond Financing ALCATEL Installation of 39,000 lines in Chittagong with French funding, ALCATEL SADE Progra mme for 7 district headquarters by Italtel Linea Greater Dhaka (Phase – II) telephone project (OECF funding from Japan), Ericsson 140,000 lines digital telephone lines at district headquarters (Suppliers credit from China) Emergency Expansion of 6 NEC Digital exchanges in Dhaka Installation of 2000 line digital exchange at Feni (Italtel Linea) Digital exchange at Narayanganj and Sirajganj under RR Program (Italtel Lines UT Model) Installation of digital exchanges at Chapai Nawabganj, Naogaon and Thakurgaon Total Telephone Exchange Capacity Replacement 66,000 8,860 9,900 17,000 40,000 Expansion 134,000 30,140 10,600 50,500 100,000 12,000 1,600 5,700 1,200 150,260 400 2,300 1,800 370,740 Total 200,000 39,000 20,500 67,500 140,000 12,000 2,000 8,000 3,000 521,000 Source: Telecommunications in Bangladesh. Paper presented by Fazlur Rahman of Multi Media, at the Workshop on Internet: South Asian Realities and Opportunities, Dhaka, April 5-8, 1999 Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 12 capacity to at least 1,000,000 lines by the year 2000, was presented at the Workshop on the Internet: South Asian Realities and Opportunities held in Dhaka from April 5-8, 1999, and is given above in Table 3. 1 BRTA, after winning the concession to provide rural telephone services, developed a relationship with Nokia from Finland, who took total responsibility under a turnkey contract to provide digital linkages to 165 rural headquarters. In turn, Nokia then developed business collaboration with Cosmos Marketing Consultants to provide management and operational support. Ericsson has in 2000 signed a five year contract with TM International (Bangladesh) Ltd (TMIB) for the upgrading of their GSM cellular network. TMIB, who hold a 15 year licence to build, own, operate and maintain a GSM network in Bangladesh, launched their network in 1997 using an infrastructure supplied by Alcatel. At the moment, there is somewhat of a stand-off between the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and the World Bank. The World Bank wants GOB to appoint an â€Å"independent† regulator for the telecom sector before any further reforms are introduced. But GOB has not agreed to this condition so far, and consequently, the World Bank has put on hold any further funding by the Bank, to support the growth of the telecom sector. In 1996, in order to develop international VSAT services to facilitate global high-speed data communications for their subscribers, BTTB made an agreement with Pakistan Datacom to install and operate VSATs in Bangladesh on a 5 year BOT (Build, Operate Transfer) basis. Under this arrangement Pakistan Datacom contracted to supply, install, operate and maintain VSATs in Bangladesh on behalf of BTTB and by mid 1997, five subscribers were given VSAT data based circuits, with subscribers being charged a fixed monthly rent for each VSAT circuit. BTTB had been forced to develop a number of operational collaborations to allow not only an enlargement of the current system but to maintain and upgrade the existing system, as could be seen in Table 3. 1. 3. 1. 2 Private sector telecommunications Seven licenses have already been awarded and are listed in Table 5. 1 in Section 5. The responsibility for rural telecommunication services was entrusted to two local private operators, Integrated the Services Bangladesh Limited, with Rural rural Telecommunication Authority (BRTA) and Bangladesh being equally divided between the two operators. In November 1999, the BTTB signed a contract with the China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation (CMEC) valued at US$ 213 million, which gave CMEC the responsibility to upgrade in the 58 telecommunications infrastructure The two Code Division Multiplex Access (CDMA) networks that were launched in 1999 by the Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited to cover Dhaka and Chittagong, were totally supplied and supported by Motorola from the United States through their Network Solutions Division. districts in Bangladesh, while 2 months earlier another contract, valued at approximately US$ 58 million, was awarded to the Pakistan Telecom Foundation, in collaboration with the Telephone Industries Pakistan to install an additional 55,000 telephone lines in Bangladesh by the end of 2000. Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 13 Finally in 2000, breaking the fixed telephone line monopoly position of the BTTB, the Bangladesh concession, Government which will has a llow awarded a WorldTel activities of the Bangladesh branch of the GSM World Association can be found on their Web site at: www. gsmworld. com/gsminfo/cou_bd. tm Limited from the United Kingdom to supply a complete telephone system to Dhaka with 300,000 digital lines on a build own operate (BOO) basis. The system, which is expected to be operational in 2003, and designed to be expanded to 500,000 lines, would then compete with BTTB. However, recent reports indicate that WorldTel is finding it difficult to finalise the deal. WorldTel, which operates from London with a branch office in Geneva, is a private sector development company that had been created by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in Geneva to develop and finance telecommunications in developing countries on a commercial basis. WorldTel specific develops systems strategic alliances with Constant problems of interconnection with BTTB, have forced private operators to seek their own transmission network, including using the Bangladesh Railways Fibre Optic network for cellular service. GrameenPhone Limited (GP) after taking out a long lease on the fibre optic cable network that the Bangladesh Railways developed along the entire length of their railway tracks has since been upgraded. This has provided GrameenPhone with a ready made transmission network that covers the whole of Bangladesh and has helped them expand their services along the entire railway route. As a result, GrameenPhone is now expanding its customer base by almost 20,000 a month. Of course, due to lack of adequate interconnection capability of BTTB, most of the new Grameen customers can communicate only with other Grameen customers. uppliers and equipment suppliers to design build and operate their system and could well represent potential busin ess opportunities for European investors in the telecommunications sector. Cellular mobile telephone services were first introduced into Bangladesh by Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited (PBTL), a joint venture partnership that is owned by the local conglomerate, the Pacific Group, in 1989 using an Analogue Mobile Phone System (AMPS), though more recently they have changed and are now using Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology. The other three Operators Grameen Phone Limited (GP), TM International (Bangladesh) (TMIB) and Sheba Telecom are providing Cellular service with GSM technology. Private operators offer the mobile, paging and the radio trunking services. Private operators are also given license to operate digital exchanges at rural Thana headquarters. Details about their The other two cellular operators are also constructing their own microwave links along the Dhaka to Chittagong highway. 3. 2 Information Technology From the field survey it was possible to identify the most important Bangladeshi Computer Companies, those who export and those who are seeking to strike strategic alliances. A few organisations and some individuals have been exporting Software and Data Processing services. Despite their best efforts, the Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) is still unable to procure documented evidence of the actual exports Bangladesh has made. Nonetheless, among the firms/organisations which have Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 14 exported IT services are CITech (Computer Information Technology Co); Computer Collaboration in information technology is mostly based on licensing agreements and representation. A growing number of computer training schools are being opened, including one sponsored by Microsoft. 5. EUROPEAN AND OTHER FOREIGN FIRMS PRESENT IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND There are now about one hundred companies that are members of the Bangladesh Computer Samity (BCS), many of which are headed by young professionals, who after completing their studies in Europe and North America then returned to Bangladesh and created their own companies. At the present development stage of the IT sector, these professionals are well aware of their shortcomings and are conscious that they require know-how and technology, and so are interested in seeking strategic alliances with European firms. Solutions Limited; ANIRBAN; IBCS-Primax; BRAC; NACD, FBC and Machine-Dialogue. However, the total volume of such export is negligible. According to the recent data available from EPB, computer software and data processing services worth, US$ 15 million were exported during the year 1998-99. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBSECTORS As indicated earlier, there are already a number of European and other foreign Table 5. 1 Telecommunication Operators in Bangladesh Operator Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited Bangladesh Telecom (Pvt. ) Limited Foreign Collaborator/Ve ndor Motorola Area of Operation Cellular Radio Telephone Service Radio Paging, Radio Trunking and Riverine Telecommuni cation Services Rural Telecom Service Digital Cellular Mobile Radio Telephone Services, and Rural Telecom Service Digital Cellular Mobile Radio Telephone Services Several of the most promising, who are listed in Appendix 3, have been regularly sponsored by both the United Nations and bilateral funds to attend the CeBIT information technology fair in Hanover, Germany, as well as the Softworld fair in Canada. 4. FORMS OF CO-OPERATION Bangladesh Rural Telecom Authority Sheba Telecom Limited Nokia All the seven telecom licencees to date have either foreign private operators as partners or foreign equipment suppliers. All foreign private operators have entered the market by way of joint ventures, even though in accordance with the GOB private sector investment guidelines, they could have taken 100% equity stake in a telecom operating company. Most foreign investors believe that they need a local partner to help them through the regulatory process with MOPT, while most local groups did not feel they had sufficient technical skills or financial resources to operate on their own. Bangladesh Broadcasting Telephone Technology (BBTT) TM International (Bangladesh) GrameenPhone Consortium Joint venture between Integrated Services Ltd. and Technology Resources Industries Bhd (Malaysia) A joint venture among Telenor (Norway), Grameen Bank, Marubeni Corporation (Japan) and Gonofone (US) Ericsson; A joint venture between Telecom Malaysia and A. K. Khan Group Digital Cellular Mobile Radio Telephone Services Personal Hand-phone System (PHS) [Not commissione d yet] Source: Telecommunications in Bangladesh by Fazlur Rahman cited in Table 3. 1 Telecommunications and IT Sector in Bangladesh Page 15 companies present in Bangladesh, as operators, where they work in joint venture with local firms and as suppliers of equipment. Table 5. 1 above lists the telecom licensees, a number of which have foreign partners or foreign vendors. Although there are a number of European investors who may have a significant presence in this sector, a large part of it appears to be dominated by investors from North America. Tyco Submarine Systems Limited of the US underwater fibre optic cable between mport duties were eliminated, it boosted computer imports substantially and led to large retail price reductions. However in the telecommunications sector, import duties and taxes on telecom equipment and phones are still very high at 60%. Figure 6. 1 Projected Private Capital Flow s in the Telecom Sector Bangladesh and Singapore, which would allow Bangladesh access to the global underwater telecommunications cable network that passes through Singapore. This will then give Bangladesh world-wide connectivity into the data superhighway. The underwater fibre optic cable that would cover some 3200 kilometres between Bangladesh and Singapore, is Years: 2000-2010 0 has signed an MOU with the GOB to lay an 20 40 60 US$ Million Inf low Source: The World Bank Outf low expected to cost about US$150 million and to be completed by the year of 2002. 7. 6. ANALYSIS OF IMPORT AND EXPORT FLOWS The World Bank believes that considerable foreign exchange is earned by Bangladesh on account of the revenue sharing arrangements that BTTB has with international operators. However, the World Banks study on FDI in Bangladesh gives the following projections of private capital inflows and outflows in telecommunications investment between 19992000 and 2009-2010, which are given below in

Social Origins of Eugenics essays

Social Origins of Eugenics essays What are the origins and social implications of eugenisicm? Francis Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin, first used the term Eugenics in his book Inquiries into Human Faculty and Development published in 1883.The word Eugenics is described as the science of improving the population by controlled breeding for desirable inherited characteristics and comes from the Greek for good breeding or good life. Although Galton initially studied medicine, he later chose to study mathematics and he also became a fervent advocate of social policies which encouraged supposedly superior beings to have children and discouraged lesser people from doing so. Galton first became interested in Eugenics after reading Darwins The Origin of Species. In the book, successful breeding is judged by the number of offspring an organism produces. However, based on this theory, it seemed to Galton that it was the inferior people who had the largest amount of offspring and he thought that this seemed to spoil and not improve our breed. Galton wrote two books- Hereditary Genius (1869) and Natural Inheritance (1889). He examined the family trees of various families of importance and recorded the occurrence of men appearing in the same lines. Galton never even thought about the fact that social opportunities were more readily available to the upper class- he just presumed that genius was passed on through genes. Galton wasnt just merely interested in the subject though. He wholeheartedly believed that there should be a system put in place to iradicate, what was is his mind, the inferior race. He proposed that a register of suitable families should be made so that the superior offspring could marry and reproduce and even went as far to suggest a financial incentive should be offered to help create a worthier race. ...

40 French Expressions En Tout

40 French Expressions En Tout 40 French Expressions â€Å"En Tout† 40 French Expressions â€Å"En Tout† By Mark Nichol English has borrowed heavily from French, including a number of expressions beginning with en (meaning â€Å"as† or â€Å"in†). Some of these, such as â€Å"en masse,† are ubiquitous; others, like â€Å"en ami,† are obscure. Many more listed (and defined) here, italicized in the sample sentences, are not even listed in English dictionaries and are therefore considered still wholly foreign (and should be italicized in your prose as well). Whatever their status, however, given sufficient context, these expressions might be gainfully employed to provide a wry or sardonic touch to a written passage, or to characterize a pompous character: 1. En ami (â€Å"as a friend†): â€Å"I confide in you en ami.† 2. En arriere (â€Å"behind†): â€Å"Discretion is the better part of valor, I reminded myself as, letting my more valorous friends go before me, I marched en arriere.† 3. En attendant (â€Å"meanwhile†): â€Å"I entertained myself en attendant by thumbing through a magazine while she troweled on her makeup.† 4. En avant (â€Å"forward†): â€Å"En avant, comrades. Fortune awaits us through that door.† 5. En badinant (â€Å"in jest†): â€Å"Relax, my friend I meant what I said en badinant.† 6. En bagatelle (â€Å"in contempt†): â€Å"He glared at me en bagatelle, as if I were vermin.† 7. En banc (â€Å"with complete judicial authority†): â€Å"I sentence you en banc, as judge, jury, and executioner, to death.† 8. En bloc (â€Å"in a mass†): â€Å"We can depend on them to vote en bloc in support of the proposal.† 9. En clair (â€Å"in clear language, as opposed to in code†): â€Å"The spy’s telegram was carelessly written en clair.† 10. En deshabille (â€Å"undressed, or revealed†): â€Å"She opened the door to find me standing there en deshabille, and immediately retreated.† 11. En echelon (â€Å"in steps, or overlapping†): â€Å"The flock of geese flew overhead en echelon.† 12. En effet (â€Å"in fact, indeed†): â€Å"You see that I am, en effet, in control of the situation.† 13. En famille (â€Å"with family, at home, informally†): â€Å"Let us now return to that happy household, where we find the denizens lounging en famille.† 14. En foule (â€Å"in a crowd†): â€Å"He had the remarkable ability to blend in en foule.† 15. En garcon (â€Å"as or like a bachelor†): â€Å"I have separated from my wife and am now living en garcon.† 16. En grande (â€Å"full size†): The bouncer approached and, with a scowl, reared up en grande.† 17. En grande tenue (â€Å"in formal attire†): â€Å"She arrived, as usual, en grande tenue, and in consternation that everyone else was dressed causally.† 18. En grande toilette (â€Å"in full dress†): â€Å"The opening-night crowd was attired en grande toilette.† 19. En guard (â€Å"on guard†): â€Å"She assumed a defensive position, as if en guard in a fencing match.† 20. En haute (â€Å"above†): â€Å"From my perspective en haute, as it were I’d say you are both wrong.† 21. En masse (â€Å"all together†): â€Å"The members of the basketball team arrived en masse at the party.† 22. En pantoufles (â€Å"in slippers, at ease, informally†): â€Å"He had just settled down for a relaxing evening en pantoufles when the doorbell rang.† 23. En passant (â€Å"in passing†): â€Å"She nonchalantly mentioned the rumor en passant.† 24. En plein air (â€Å"in the open air†): â€Å"We celebrated by venturing en plein air.† 25. En plein jour (â€Å"in broad day†): â€Å"They boldly rendezvoused en plein jour.† 26. En poste (â€Å"in a diplomatic post†): â€Å"Though he was a friend, I decided to send the memorandum en poste.† 27. En prise (â€Å"exposed to capture†): â€Å"He found himself en prise, beset on all sides.† 28. En queue: (â€Å"after†): â€Å"I bided my time and followed en queue.† 29. En rapport (â€Å"in agreement or harmony†): â€Å"I’m delighted that we are all en rapport on the subject.† 30. En regle (â€Å"in order, in due form†): â€Å"I believe you will find the documents en regle.† 31. En retard (â€Å"late†): â€Å"Typically, they arrived en retard for dinner.† 32. En retraite (â€Å"in retreat or retirement†): â€Å"After uttering the verbal blunder, she ducked her head and exited the parlor en retraite.† 33. En revanche (â€Å"in return, in compensation†): â€Å"En revanche, I invite you to attend my upcoming soiree.† 34. En rigueur (â€Å"in force†): â€Å"We have arrived en rigueur to support you.† 35. En route (â€Å"on the way†): â€Å"En route to the post office, she passed by the derelict house.† 36. En secondes noces (â€Å"in a second marriage†): â€Å"The community was so conservative that she found her matrimonial state, en secondes noces, to be the topic of gossip.† 37. En suite (â€Å"connected, or in a set, as a bedroom with its own bathroom†): â€Å"She was pleased to see that the room was en suite.† (Also spelled ensuite.) 38. En tasse (â€Å"in a cup†): â€Å"I’ll take some en tasse.† 39. En tout (â€Å"in all†): â€Å"We’d like to use your banquet room, please we are a score or more en tout.† 40. En verite (â€Å"in truth†): â€Å"En verite, I am the one responsible.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsEmail EtiquetteFew vs. Several

Total quality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Total quality management - Essay Example Mechanistic models value stability. In an organismic model, their goals focus on organizational survival. Organizations that use organismic model encourage an objective work environment that focuses on an inside boundary. The organismic model describes quality through customer satisfaction. The managers create visions and system that serves to coordinate and provide control. Employees in this model practice self-control within the system. In an organismic model organisations believe that learning assists the organisation to adapt change. A cultural model of organization sets goals that meet individual needs and encourage human development. Quality in this model is described through constituent satisfaction. The cultural model of organization adapts a work environment that is defined through relationships. The role of management in a cultural model coordinates and mediates consultation regarding vision, systems and rewards. Employees play an active role by participating in the creatio n of vision, system. A cultural model of organization values change and learning. Evans and Lindsay describe performance excellence as an integrated approach to organizational performance management. Performance excellence ensures organizational sustainability through the delivery of continually improved value to customers and stakeholders. Performance excellence ensures the improvement of organizational effectiveness, organizational and personal learning (Evans and Lindsay 12). A system is an organized structure made up of interrelated and interdependent elements, which influence one another directly or indirectly. Deming systems theory explains that organizations have systems of interconnected processes and people that make up system components. Deming considers the success of any system is dependent on the management’s ability to coordinate the influence of each component in order to achieve optimization of the whole system. This is possible through appreciation of a syste m, by understanding how variations influence the system (Evans and Lindsay 91). Juran explains quality as the features of a product that meet consumer satisfaction. In this case, the effect is on sales Juran explains that providing quality products increases costs. On the other hand, Juran considers quality as being free of errors by reducing error rates, waste, customer dissatisfaction, field failures. In this case, the effect is on cost, which in the end means higher quality costs less (Evans and Lindsay 104). Evans and Lindsay explain four absolutes for quality as stated by Crosby. According to Crosby, quality is conformance to clients’ expectations. Crosby states that quality comes from prevention of defects. Quality requires standards that ensure zero defects. This requires that a company meet the customer requirements. Crosby explains that we measure quality by being aware of the price of non-conformance. Failing to meet the customers’ requirements does make a bu siness lose money (Evans and Lindsay 106). Total quality is a management approach that guarantees success through customer satisfaction. In total quality, the members of an organisation participate in improving the products, services and organizational culture. In total quality, organizations utilize strategic focus on quality, data, effective communication through employee engagement and teamwork to incorporate quality into the culture and activities of the organisation. Visionary

Is African-American assimilation into American culture the main theme Assignment

Is African-American assimilation into American culture the main theme of these black codes - Assignment Example Section seven restricts removal of blacks from American slowing assimilation pegged at judge satisfaction. The punitive codes discouraged assimilations of the blacks. Despite earlier abolition of slavery, it was never implemented as provided for in constitution, 1802. Assimilation of Blacks entailed restrictive payment of $500 and other payment to the clerk to obtain court papers guaranteeing blacks’ freedom (Shadd 76). The restrictive bond escalated by alarmed Negroes influx who were later subjected to similar punitive codes hence forced to vacate within 30 days. Attempts to delay such order were futile hence blacks had to leave for Canada where people were not segregated on the basis of race and colors. The punitive codes were meant to push out non-America away from Ohio and not to assimilate them as pretentiously enacted. Proponent of punitive codes would later regret by losing productive blacks to

Looking At The Maybank ATM Machines

Looking At The Maybank ATM Machines Maybank was founded by Malaysian business tycoon Khoo Teck Puat, who died in 2004. Amirsham Abdul Aziz. Dato Sri Abdul Wahid Omar was officially appointed as President and CEO of Maybank Group in May 2008. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Today, it is the largest financial services group in Malaysia. Its extensive products and services include commercial banking, investment banking, Islamic banking, offshore banking, leasing and hire purchase, insurance, factoring, trustee services, asset management, stock broking, nominee services, venture capital and Internet banking. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Maybank currently ranks among the top five banks in ASEAN, and is a Qualifying Full Bank (QFB) in Malaysia. For the convenience of Maybank customers, all Maybanks 374 branch offices and more than 2,800 ATM machines are strategically located in both the business districts and suburban estates.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Today, Maybank proudly stands above its peers as Malaysias flagship financial services group in a vibrant, strong and highly competitive banking and financial services landscape. Total assets of the Group stand at RM310.7 billion.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 2.0 Internal Chiefly, the environmental factors are categorized into two different groups, they are internal and external. Internal factors are taken place within the boundaries of organisation. Specifically to the case of Maybank, there are few significant internal factors that they are subject to will be examined such as products and services, vision and mission, SWOT analysis, and Leadership. 2.1 SWOT analysis Strength well known bank 374 branch offices in Malaysia. more than 2,800 ATM machines Correspondent banking relationship with 700 foreign banks throughout the world. Strong performance where it was listed second largest in Malaysia Stock Exchange and Bursa Malaysia Weaknesses -Inefficient Service and poor customer Service. Have to pay huge amount of money to stakeholder Opportunities -experts in the industry and shares their experience with the employee Maybank have many other investments from other companies Threat Economic slowdown like right now where stalling economies are bad for the banking sector Table 1.0 SWOT analysis 2.1.1STRENGTHS It is a well known bank where it have over 374 branch office and more than 2,800 ATM machines. Correspondent banking relationship with 700 foreign banks throughout the world. It also have diversity in product where they provide opening account, giving loan, credit cards, investment insurance, and Islamic banking.(http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Strong performance where it was listed second largest in Malaysia Stock Exchange and Bursa Malaysia and Maybank workforce come from a multifaceted background of skills, disciplines, experience and industry knowledge to create talented teams of idea generators. 2.1.2WEAKNESSES Inefficient Service and poor customer service, for example Maybank does not have bank systems be automated with built-in security features to verify their customers accounts and details without having to rely on a piece of physical paper with a signature. This would make customer harder to replace card or change account if go to different branch. This kind of service is totally unacceptable in todays competitive world where time equals money. Have to pay huge amount of money to stake where dividend payout ratio (of 60%) to the stakeholders. They set policy to pay dividend of 60% percent of their profit as the long term policy. 2.1.3OPPORTUNITIE Growth of existing market where Maybank is experts in the industry and shares their experience with the employee so by then they can expand further in the industry. Maybank have many other investments from other companies and expand its operations in Vietnam, China, Philippines and India. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 2.1.4THREATS Economic slowdown like right now where stalling economies are bad for the banking sector as it impedes loans growth which is the sectors bread and butter (borrowers become more cautious) and it stirs up bad loans (due to the burden of rising borrowing cost) which in turn erodes a banks financial comfort.) The job is made harder by a brutally competitive landscape HSBC and how it has grown from the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp in the past to becoming a truly global bank today. They were even been bold enough to venture into Islamic Banking and created HSBC Amanah at a time when most banks, especially foreign ones, were figuring out what Islamic Bank was all about and were skeptical.(http://www.hsbc.com.my/1/2/personal-banking/deposits/basic-current-and-amanah-basic-current-account-i) 2.2Product and service Maybank product and service range includes commercial banking, investment banking Islamic banking, offshore banking, insurance and takaful, factoring, trustee services, asset management, stock broking, nominee services, venture capital and internet banking.Maybank has consistently set new benchmark for the product and service delivery by achieving many firsts in the industry which include the first to introduce a rural credit scheme, mobile banking services, internet banking and receivable financing on a non-recourse basis.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) The product is designed to satisfy a certain need and normally is sold in a competitive environment and so that product success is very much driven by market forces and must compete on cost, quality in the board sense, and delivery time.(Derek L.Waller 2003,page 147) In an effort to reinforce service quality standards and continuously promote service excellence, the Maybank implements various programmes such as customer sales, and service training programmes, service standards monitoring, and customer surveys. In Maybank, it has several different type of savings account services provide to the customer.Example for the savings account products are Golden Savers Saving Account, specially tailored for senior citizens, retirees and those planning for early retirement. This account offers high returns and a host of other benefits and discounts meant to enhance your golden years. Yippie saving account a saving account designed for children aged below 18 years old.Children can start an account with as little as rm1, and enjoy monthly dividend on a profit-sharing basis. (To get more information, please refer to appendix 1 and appendix 2) (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 2.3 Vision and mission Vision The visions of Maybank are To be a leading regional financial services group by 2015. Mission An organization need to have effective operation management effort must have Mission, it will help them knows it is going and provide boundaries and focus for organization. Maybank mission are 1) To be the top five financial services group in South/South East Asia, by size and Performance. 2) Undisputed leadership in Malaysia, across all high margin/profitable products/segments 3) Truly regional organization, with 40% of gross loans derived from international operations 4) Recognition for delivering innovative and superior value proposition to customers 5) Top quartile employer of talent in each of our markets. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) (To get more information please refer to appendix 3) Figure 1.0 Leap 30 Performance Improvement Programme 2.4 Leadership Maybank is committed to inculcating a leadership culture which not only encourages high impact communication but also values ideas and feedback. Active communication is the key to ensuring Maybankers are well-informed and knowledgeable about the Groups operations, business strategies and management decisions. As part of Maybank vision to create world-class managers, Maybank have a robust Leadership Model built on the leadership philosophy and competencies that are required to support the Groups aspirations. Maybanks leadership philosophy describes the essence of a great leader guided by the corporate values of teamwork, integrity, growth, excellence, efficiency and relationship building. The leadership competencies serve as a guideline for assessment of leaders and reiterate the six core competencies that every Maybank leader should have. These are strategic thinking, a spirit for achievement, ability to develop talent and cultivate relationships, being customer-centric and the desire to innovate and change. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) In order to increase the effectiveness of maybank staff, a Mentoring programme was introduced for the succession plan candidates of identified C-suite positions. Foundation programmes within Maybanks Personal Managerial Effectiveness Learning Roadmap were also structured for entry level and executive positions while intermediate programmes were targeted at team leaders and new managers. The advanced programme promotes a talent development culture which places emphasis on leadership across all boundaries. One such example is the Maybank Great Manager (MGM) programme aimed at improving managerial skills, capabilities and knowledge. In 2009, a total of 103 Human Capital workshops involving the participation of 2,000 managers were completed.(http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Maybank Annual report 2009 3.0External 3.1Political and Legal The operations of Maybank are affected by the government policies on the regulations of banking industry. Currently government are controlling the marketing of banking industry because of responsible for promoting a stable monetary and financial structure.. Governments also control the license given for open the banking industry and other legislation need to follow such as Central Bank of Malaysia act 2009,Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989(BAFIA), and Exchange Control Act 1953. (http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=14)Good relationship with government in giving mutual benefits such as employment and tax is a must for the company to succeed in any foreign market. Maybank should also protect its workers by ensuring all the hiring, compensation, training or repatriation is according to Malaysian Labor Law as stipulated. Example Wages, salaries, bonuses and social security contributions are recognised as an expense in the year in which the associated services are rendered by empl oyees of the Group and the Bank.(http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 3.2Economics The year 2009 was tough would be an understatement given the upheaval created worldwide as a result of the global financial crisis that saw financial giants fail or requiring Government support. In these difficult times, Maybank remained prepared and strong. Maybank was able to withstand the challenges of a highly stressed and competitive operating landscape given its strong capital and liquidity position, and continued to play a significant role in ensuring that credit remains available to help the Malaysian economy and to support Malaysian business and consumer economic activities. Example For the year ended 30 June 2009, Maybank recorded higher revenue of RM10.5 billion compared to RM9.6 billion last year. However, net profit was lower at RM691.9 million compared to RM2.9 billion recorded in the previous year. The lower profit was largely due to higher loan loss provisions, interest on the additional RM9.1 billion securities and subordinated debts issued in 2008 as well as the imp airment charges in relation to its investment in BII and MCB Bank of RM1.62 billion and RM353 million respectively. Excluding the impairment charges and the reversal of the allowances for the non-refundable deposit for the BII acquisition, Maybank Groups core profit after tax stood at RM2.18 billion. ( (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/)( To get more information please refer to appendix 4) 3.3 SOCIAL The changing lifestyles of Malaysia due to development of Malaysian economy should be also taking into consideration. While more people are able to purchase car and house, there are a number of housing loan and hire purchase packages that have been developed in the market to suit the particular needs of the borrower. They want to have greater innovation, value, quality in services and more conveniences that can differentiate one bank from another. Besides that, Consumers want technology in their life and facilities such as credit card payment, online banking channel for payments or opening a bank account. All these needs should also be taken into consideration. For example Maybank online portal has the largest number of payee corporations. Close to 700 types of bills can be paid via Maybank2u.com (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 3.4Technology Technology is widely recognised by various literatures on strategic management (Capron and Glazer, 1987; Johnson and Scholes, 1993).Over the past few decades the impact of technology, in particular information technology, is undisputed in almost every aspect of banking industry. Currently, Maybank is the established market leader in online banking in Malaysia, with the largest user base of 3.8 million customers and the highest number of web based product offerings online. Maybank2u.com was voted as the Best Brand for Banking Online and was awarded the Brand Laureate Award by the Asia Pacific Brands Foundation. Besides that, Maybank employ the latest in encryption technology to ensure safety and confidentiality of your transactions. 3.5Environmental Maybank has a strong policy that supports environmental issues. Maybank efforts to reduce its carbon footprint encompass both its operational as well as product offerings. In daily operations, environment-friendly practices are constantly encouraged. This includes recycling of paper, electronic communication, utilising energy-saving practices for lighting and air-conditioning as well as centralised printing to reduce use of individual printers and consumables. Example in introducing new products, Maybank is offering more paperless transactions, implementing electronic payment and online statements. The new American Express Gold Credit card provides online statements, while the nations first Online Bill Presentation service with Tenaga Nasional Berhad introduced electricity bill statement and online payment via Maybank2u.com.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Task2 4.0 Influence of policies and decision making on E- business E-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. E-banking includes the systems that enable financial institution customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network, including the Internet. Customers access e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device, such as a personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA) or automated teller machine (ATM).( Institut Bank; Bank Malaysia) 4.1 Influence of policies and decision making on E- business to customer 4.1.1ATM (automated teller machines) Automated teller machines providing banking services, in particular cash dispensing service which facilitate direct withdrawals from deposit accounts and check account balance at previously unfeasible location and time. ATM are efficient in dispensing controlled amount of cash rapidly and accurately. To move customer to more efficient delivery channel, ATM handle other simple transactions, which are often categorized as being of low value to the bank.(Institut Bank ;Bank Malaysia) Maybank provide more than 2,800 ATM machines are strategically located where customers require cash to make purchases, such as at shopping centres, PETRONAS petrol service station or outside the branch premises. Maybank customers are able to conduct banking transactions after normal office hours. Maybank ATM performs banking transactions including cash withdrawals and funds transfers at customer preferred time; convenient access to cash, in local currencies, when customers are overseas. .( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 4.1.2E statement With the growth and maturity of online statement delivery, paperless statements are fast becoming the norm in the banking industry. Paperless statements under different service tags ranging from E-Statements, Email Statements, PDF Statements and Online Statements. Paperless statement can be made available through emails, e-banking services or over websites and are usually free of charge. Maybank bank is offering more paperless transactions, implementing electronic payment and online statements Example the new American Express Gold Credit card provides online statements, while the nations first Online. Customers are also being to switch to online statements instead of receiving printed copies. It is easy n convenient for customer to tracking personal financial and mange personal account online any time. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 4.1.3Credit card(online transaction) A plastic card that allows a person to purchase goods and services by paying with money borrowed from a creditor. The borrower then repays the credit card company, often with interest. The borrower doesnt always have to pay interest, because paying the debt off on time might not result in interest being charged. http://157.166.255.31/2009/LIVING/studentnews/03/15/financial.glossary/index.html Credit card is often the most convenient method around when customers need to buy something important or when customers need to fund an emergency that occurs. Maybank offers a wide variety of credit cards. There are different types to suit different lifestyles and needs. There is the Maybank-Sogo Visa Card in Classic and Gold, The Classic and Gold MasterCard and the Classic and Gold Visa card. The Maybank credit card payment online service is a facility that is available to customers. The valued customer can pay a variety of bills over the internet by using a Maybank credit card. It saves plenty of time that would be better spent on other pursuits and projects. ( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) There are rewards to be had when customer use the Maybank credit card payment online service. Customer becomes eligible for points under the banks GiftPoints programme when customers use their Maybank credit card to make purchases over the Internet. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 4.1.4 E-shopping Improve on its policy of meeting the customer needs efficiently and effectively by assisting the commercialisation of e shopping. Customer can find it convenient and easy to online shopping from the comfort of their home or office. Maybank offer variety of product service online such as electronics, gift and collectibles, health and beauty, kids and newborn, branded fragrances, clothing and travel gear. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/online-shopping.html) Decision making Maybank Customers can purchase a variety of products and services online and pay conveniently by direct debit from their Maybank Savings and Current Accounts Maybank2u.com Cyber Mall offers convenient and reliable online shopping. Maybank number one focus is customer satisfaction. Customer can expect quality merchants, value for money and take advantage of special offers. Enjoy shopping at customer own convenience from customer home or office with the assurance of a secure connection. Maybank trust that shopping at Maybank2u.com Cyber Mall will be a rewarding experience.( http://mall.maybank2u.net/main.jsp?pageid=Home)(To get more information, please refer Appendix 6 ) 4.2Influence of policies and decision making on E- business to business The flagship B2B cash management system from Maybank, Maybank2e.net, remains a sought-after solution as it maintains its cutting-edge lead in managing complex financial supply chain and working capital activities under a well integrated platform. The system has expanded its capabilities and currently contains six different modules: Information Management, Payables Management, Receivables Management, Liquidity Management, and Financial Supply Chain and Corporate Services. The cash management front is becoming increasingly demanding where companies have to efficiently manage liquidity across their businesses. A strong testimony to Maybank our commitment is the number of awards accorded by international organisations to Maybank2e.net including FinanceAsia Best Cash Management Bank Country Award 2009, Best Cash Management Bank for Malaysia Asset Triple A Transactional Banking Awards, Best Local Currency Cash Management Services 2008 Award by AsiaMoney Polls and Alpha SEA Best Cash Management Bank Award. (To get more information, please refer to appendix on title of Award and Recognition.) 4.2.1 E-payment Electronic payment is any digital financial payment transaction involving currency transfer between two or more parties (source: World Bank) Internet is usually believed to be the only mode. In reality e-payments cover a much broader range (phone, interbank networks, etc)(http://www.intracen.org/e-trade/docs/nepal/catani.pdf) Maybank2e.net e-payment represents a revolution in the manner in which customer business is able to execute payment transactions. It caters for a complete range of payment transactions such as funds transfers and local / foreign remittances. Maybank e-payment also provides a comprehensive payroll service, allowing customer to automatically credit employee salaries directly into their designated accounts. Convenience is offered via the ability to submit contributions online to statutory bodies such as Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and Social Security Organization (SOCSO). (http://www.maybank2e.net/is_epayment.shtml) Submitting payments online increases the efficiency of the payment process by cutting down manual tasks and processes. Payments can be made to both Intrabank (within Maybank Group) and Interbank (other local banks) accounts through the GIRO and RENTAS platforms. All transactions are guaranteed total security with Maybank leading edge security infrastructure. With online reporting, customer access to accurate and timely information for account reconciliation. Customer can view their file status, download processed files or print a summary of the processed files. 4.2.2E security Maybank2e.net is highly committed in ensuring that all transactions performed through www.maybank2e.net are secure, safe and confidential. The security features of Maybank2e.net have been tailor-made to meet the requirements of corporate users. Maybank2e.net is located within the internal security system of the bank, which provides firewall systems, strong data encryption (128-bit SSL), anti-virus protection and round-the-clock security surveillance systems. Beside that, regular security reviews of Maybank systems by Maybank internal system auditor as well as external security experts. In additional, Maybank2e.net has incorporates a comprehensive security infrastructure, utilising binding encryption on all data transmission. Security control is further enforced via audit trails, dual control access levels and re-authentication. This guarantees that corporate user transactions are protected, private and secure at all times. 5.0Effectiveness of e-business in Maybank 5.1Electronic Banking Maybanks Consumer Banking is anchored by its strong franchise, which encompasses the most extensive ATM network coverage in Malaysia. Maybank maintains the lead in having the most number of largest ATM network in the country with market share of 32%. During the year, Maybank installed 92 Off-Bank ATMs throughout Malaysia. In January 2008, the branch network was migrated from a legacy framerelay system to an Internet Protocol Virtual Private Network (IPVPN), leading to reduction in network complexity, easier network management and improved cost effectiveness as well as exchange of encrypted confidential data. Currently the IPVPN service operates at more than 400 branch networks, over 2,800 ATMs and 160 point-of-sales merchant networks. Figure 2.0 Number of Maybank ATM and CDM From Figure 2, it shows that, Maybank has increased their number of ATM machine by 107% from 1356 to 2804 in year 2005 to 2009. Beside that, Maybank has increased their number of CDM machine by 87% from 485 to 910 in year 2005 to 2009. 5.2Online banking Maybank2u.com is the No.1 Internet banking website in Malaysia with 3.8 million registered users and a market share of over 54%. The strong growth during the year was attributed to innovative product offerings through electronic commercial transactions as well as a shift from simple fund transfers to more complex transactions. Example the First Public Report of Online Usage in Malaysia released by comScore a leader in measuring the digital world, listed Maybank2u.com as the top local site in Malaysia. The report includes a ranking of the most visited Internet properties and top visited local-based properties, based on the comScore World Metrix service. In June 2009, 9.3 million people in Malaysia age 15 and older accessed the Internet from home and work locations, with each consuming an average of 1,066 pages of content and spending nearly 14 hours online during the month. Maybank2u.com topped the list as the most visited local site, with more than 1 million visitors, reaching nearl y 12 percent of all Malaysians online, making it the most engaging site of the top 10 Malaysian properties. Table 2.0 Top 10 sites in Malaysia 5.3 New Electronic Services Maybank introduced the All-new, All-you Maybank2u.com by revamping Maybank existing website with new features in compliance with web 2.0 technology. Maybank also kicked off Malaysias first online bills summary by a bank, My Bills. Initially launched with Tenaga Nasional Berhad, users can now also view, pay and save DiGi and TM bills via this facility. Additionally, Maybank online portal enables users to make additional ASB investments online, the first and only facility in Malaysia. Launched by the Prime Minister on 21 April 2009, the facility also allows third party investment in ASB. Currently, Maybank online portal has the largest number of payee corporations. Close to 700 types of bills can be paid via Maybank2u.com. This will be further bolstered with additional Government-partnered initiatives such as online payments for Agensi Kaunseling dan Pengurusan Kredit, Skim Simpanan Pendidikan Nasional and the Ministry of Finance Housing Loan Scheme. 6.0Area to improvement 6.1Hire expertise, provide training Maybank should hire more expertise in order to implementation and administration e-banking efficiently and effectively. Beside that, Maybank should provide a holistic approach enhancing employee skills and competencies through its online e-learning programmes. The programmes include upkeep, maintenance, security and implementation of networks. All crew members should be well-trained before sending them to work career. 6.2Improve quality of maybank website (www.maybank2u.com.my/) Maybank should consume extensive amounts of time and money to define, design, develop, test, implement, and maintain website in order to improve the quality of e products and service. Beside that, Maybank staff should treating complaints seriously and resolving them as quickly and fairly as possible.If Maybank wants their Maybank2u.com to be popular among online banking website it should leave the user with a positive impression about the organization, so consumers can get an impression that the company cares about them. 6.3Increase online security Maybank should ensure that all transactions performed through their online financial service are secure, safe and confidential by installing the latest firewall systems, strong data encryption, anti-virus protection and round-the-clock security surveillance systems to detect and prevent any form of illegitimate activities on maybank network systems. Beside that, keep on update privacy protection control systems when new versions are released. So that Maybank customers can enjoy Maybank Internet Banking with total peace of mind. 6.4 Increase Maybank e shopping At Maybank2u.com Cyber Mall, Maybank offer variety categories such as electronics, gift and collectibles, health and beauty, kids and newborn, branded fragrances, clothing and travel gear but each category provides few or even none of product and service. Example the travel gear didnt provide any product or service. Maybank should find more potential and quality partner merchant, to provide more product and service to satisfies customer need and want. Beside that, Maybank need to provide multiple images from different angles for the product. An image in each color, of the front, back, and sides, and even detailed shots of specific features can all go a long way toward making a consumer more likely to buy. 7.0Conclusion In conclusion, this report analyzes both internal and external environment of Maybank, a largest financial services group established in Malaysia. Due to the length constraint of the report, there are only significant environmental factors are analysed in terms of their influence on the organization and the organizations response towards environmental changes. Internal environment factors are analyzed include products and services SWOT analysis, Vision and mission, and leadership,. Any product or policy of a company has to reviewed and make change accordingly that fit to the contemporary needs of the organization. Example the Maybank Great Manager (MGM) programme aimed at improving managerial skills, capabilities and knowledge. The external factors are political, economy, social, technology, environment and legal. Five of these factors exert tremendous pressure on Maybank business operation especially the economical factors. For Example result of the global financial crisis that saw financial giants fail or requiring Government support. Maybank remained prepared and strong. Maybank was able to withstand the challenges of a highly stressed and competitive operating landscape given its strong capital and liquidity position. The second part of the report analyzes the influence of e- business toward Maybank in terms of policy and decision making. Besides, the effectiveness of response to those concepts is studied as well. Lastly, there are few recommendations have been suggested to improve their current initiatives of knowledge management and learning organization concept. For instance, Maybank could move themselves even closer to success in e-business by Improve online security, improve maybank e- shopping, improve quality of maybank website and provide training and hire expertise. Reference Derek L. Waller, 2003, Operation Management, Italy, Gray Publishing. Capron, N. and Glazer, R. (1987), Marketing and Technology Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (1993), Exploring Corporate Strategy Operational of Financial institution (Institut Bank; Bank Malaysia) Access From www.maybank2u.com.my/ [2 march 2009] Access from http://university-essays.tripod.com/pest_pestel_pestle_lepest_analysis.html [2 March 2009] Access from http:/